Dmanisi 1.8 Million Year Old Hominid Site

Dmanisi is the name of a very old archaeological site located in the Caucasus of the Republic of Georgia, about 85 kilometers (52 miles) southwest of the modern town of Tbilisi, beneath a medieval castle near the junction of the Masavera and Pinezaouri rivers. Dmanisi is best known for its Lower Paleolithic hominin remains, which demonstrate a surprising variability which has yet to be fully explained. Five hominid fossils, thousands of extinct animal bones and bone fragments, and over 1,000 stone tools have been found at Dmanisi to date, buried in about 4.5 meters (14 feet) of alluvium. The stratigraphy of the site indicates that the hominin and vertebrate remains, and the stone tools, were laid into the cave by geological rather than cultural causes. Dating Dmanisi The Pleistocene layers have been securely dated between 1.0-1.8 million years ago (mya); the types of animals discovered within the cave support the early part of that range. Two nearly complete hominid skulls were found, and they were originally typed as early Homo ergaster or Homo erectus. They appear to be most like African H. erectus, as those found in Koobi Fora and West Turkana, although some debate exists. In 2008, the lowest levels were redated to 1.8 mya, and upper levels to 1.07 mya. The stone artifacts, primarily made of basalt, volcanic tuff, and andesite, are suggestive of Oldowan chopping tool tradition, similar to tools found at Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania; and similar to those found at Ubeidiya, Israel. Dmanisi has implications for the original peopling of Europe and Asia by H. erectus: the sites location is support for our ancient human species leaving Africa along the so-called Levantine corridor. Homo Georgicus? In 2011, scholars led by excavator David Lordkipanidze debated (Agustà ­ and Lordkipanidze 2011) the assignment of the Dmanisi fossils to Homo erectus, H. habilis, or Homo ergaster. Based on the brain capacity of the skulls, between 600 and 650 cubic centimeters (ccm), Lordkipanidze and colleagues argued that a better designation might segregate Dmanisi into H. erectus ergaster georgicus. Further, the Dmanisi fossils are clearly of African origin, as their tools conform to Mode One in Africa, associated with Oldowan, at 2.6 mya, some 800,000 years older than Dmanisi. Lordkipanidze and colleagues argued that humans must have left Africa much earlier than the age of the Dmanisi site. Lordkipanidzes team (Ponzter et al. 2011) also report that given microwave textures on molars from Dmanisi, the dietary strategy included softer plant foods such as ripe fruits and possibly tougher foods. Complete Cranium: and New Theories In October of 2013, Lordkipanidze and colleagues reported on a newly discovered fifth and complete cranium including its mandible, along with some startling news. The range of variation among the five crania recovered from the single site of Dmanisi is astonishing. The variety matches the entire range of variation of all the Homo skulls in evidence existing in the world about 2 million years ago (including H. erectus, H. ergaster, H. rudolfensis, and H. habilis). Lordkipanidze and colleagues suggest that, rather than considering Dmanisi as a separate hominid from Homo erectus, we should keep the possibility open that there were only one species of Homo living at the time, and we should call it Homo erectus. It is possible, say the scholars, that H. erectus simply exhibited a much larger range of variation in skull shape and size than, say, modern humans do today. Globally, paleontologists agree with Lordkipanidze and his associates that there are striking differences among the five hominid skulls, particularly the size and shape of the mandibles. What they disagree on is why that variation exists. Those who support Lordkipanidzes theory that DManisi represents a single population with a high variability suggest that the variability results from a pronounced sexual dimorphism; some as yet unidentified pathology; or age-related changes—the hominids appear to range in age from adolescence to old age. Other scholars argue for the possible co-existence of two different hominids living at the site, possibly including the H. georgicus first suggested. Its a tricky business, retooling what we understand of evolution, and one that requires the recognition that we have very little evidence from this period so long ago in our past and that evidence needs to be reexamined and reconsidered from time to time. Archaeology History of Dmanisi Before it became a world-renowned hominid site, Dmanisi was known for its Bronze Age deposits and a medieval period city. Excavations within the medieval site in the 1980s led to the older discovery. In the 1980s, Abesalom Vekua and Nugsar Mgeladze excavated the Pleistocene site. After 1989, excavations at Dmanisi were led in collaboration with the Rà ¶misch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum in Mainz, Germany, and they continue to this day. A total area of 300 square meters has been excavated to date. Sources: Bermà ºdez de Castro JM, Martinà ³n-Torres M, Sier MJ, and Martà ­n-Francà ©s L. 2014. On the Variability of the Dmanisi Mandibles. PLOS ONE 9(2):e88212. Lordkipanidze D, Ponce de Leà ³n MS, Margvelashvili A, Rak Y, Rightmire GP, Vekua A, and Zollikofer CPE. 2013. A complete skull from Dmanisi, Georgia, and the evolutionary biology of early Homo. Science 342:326-331. Margvelashvili A, Zollikofer CPE, Lordkipanidze D, Peltomà ¤ki T, and Ponce de Leà ³n MS. 2013. Tooth wear and dentoalveolar remodeling are key factors of morphological variation in the Dmanisi mandibles. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 110(43):17278-17283. Pontzer H, Scott JR, Lordkipanidze D, and Ungar PS. 2011. Dental microwear texture analysis and diet in the Dmanisi hominins. Journal of Human Evolution 61(6):683-687. Rightmire GP, Ponce de Leà ³n MS, Lordkipanidze D, Margvelashvili A, and Zollikofer CPE. 2017. Skull 5 from Dmanisi: Descriptive anatomy, comparative studies, and evolutionary significance. Journal of Human Evolution 104:5:0-79. Schwartz JH, Tattersall I, and Chi Z. 2014. Comment on â€Å"A Complete Skull from Dmanisi, Georgia, and the Evolutionary Biology . Science 344(6182):360-360.Early of Homo†

Safety on College Campuses Essay examples - 520 Words

Safety is a tremendous issue on college campuses, and additional procedures need to be taken to prevent crimes from happening. When walking onto a college campus as a young adult, people get a rush of the unknown. The unknown could be going to college parties and late night study groups. College should be like any high school or elementary school and have better security measures to protect their students. The reasons we need these extra steps are to prevent violence, give students a sense of security, and monitor visitors on campus. First of all, violence can be prevented on campuses among the students once safety issues are put in place. There are several ways to prevent the violence including security cameras and metal detectors.†¦show more content†¦In another incident at Western Kentucky University, a young woman was raped, stabbed, and burned to death in her dorm. Everyone that entered the building was supposed to sign in and show identification in this case the one involved walked in without being questioned, he proceeded to her room where she was brutally murdered. When visitors are seen by security and made to sign in and show identification, it would help monitor the visitors in each building. Therefore, guards stationed outside of dorms at night would prevent unauthorized visitors in the building and the guards could personally identify who enters and leaves each building. Thirdly, visitors on a campus is not a bad thing, but they must be monitored for student safety. There have been othe r crimes on campuses like purse snatching in the middle of the day, car break-ins, and shoplifting at the school stores. In addition, the most up-to-date statistics show there were more than 35,000 reported crimes on U.S. college campuses in just one year. Furthermore, if a crime occurs the person involved can be identified easier by checking the log book and talking to security. Having more than one safety measure in place allows further evidence if something was to happen. The experience that occurs at college must reflect to younger generations that college is not a scary place, and that it is a safe and secure place as if they were atShow MoreRelatedThe Measure Of Concealed Weapons Onto College Campuses1005 Words   |  5 Pagesto carry concealed weapons onto college campuses has always been an area of contention. In 1990, Congress passed the Clery Act which created gun-free zones in primary and secondary schools. Around that same time many states passed laws prohibiting wea pons on college campuses as well. (Lyons, 2017) In recent years there has been a stronger focus on college related shootings and deaths which has re-ignited the conversation regards concealed weapons on college campuses. 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Explore the ways that the Miller Essay Example For Students

Explore the ways that the Miller Essay Explore the ways that the Millers character is reflected in The Millers Tale. A Churl in the light of a medieval definition, claims to be an individual in the lower echelons of society, who is prone to bad manners. From the outset, it becomes clear that the Miller has little or no manners, when he arrives at the Tabard Inn not wearing a hat, something that could be considered to be rude in medieval times. From there, it is decided that the pilgrims shall tell their tales according to social rank; however the Miller interrupts this system, at once allowing the reader to see that he is rude, loud and has no respect for those around him. It is known in advance from his description, that the Miller is a character who is most unlikely to be described as righteous, and that was moost of sinne and harlotries. Chaucers portrayal of this character, makes it appear as though he is ashamed to be in association with such a crass tale, however it becomes apparent that his irony handles this, it is through this advice that he uses excuses on behalf of the Miller and his tale, blameth nat me if that ye chese amis. Chaucer makes it apparent that the Miller is a character who favours drinking. At the start of the prologue, he is told as having had a drink and being unable to sit steadily upon his horse, The Millere, that for dronken was al pale, so that unnethe upon his hors he sat. He apologises in advance for any mispronunciations That I am dronke, I knowe it by my soun; and therefore if that I misspeke or seye, wite it the ale of Southwerk, I you preye. However, his tale was told somewhat fluently, and so the error of his drinking ways may have been added by Chaucer to reiterate the poems farcical nature. The Miller himself is reflected in his tale by attempting to explain how the carpenter in his story favours religion. It is with this perhaps that he tries to counteract and make up for his lewed drunken harlotrie. The carpenter has an obvious belief in religion, made apparent by his references to Saints and spirits. This is particularly evident when attempting to wake Nicholas from his trance, Jhesu Crist and Seinte Benedight, Blesse this hous from every wikked wight. It is here that the reader is able to see Johns limited knowledge of religion, when he mixes up his prayers where wentestow, Seinte Petre soster? making it seem that carpenters are ignorant. The Miller also laughs at the expense of all those who attempt courtly love, making Absolon seem ridiculous in his attempts to gain the hand of Alisoun, who is again not the stereotypical ideal of a medieval damsel, this in itself a dig at those women on pilgrimage who may not be of such an ideal of a woman. It was common in medieval times for Millers to be dishonest or crafty, claiming that they would take the best crops for themselves wel koude he stelen corn and tollen thries, and in this case charge three times as much for produce. This would imply that this Miller in particular was indeed sly and took more than he would be allowed. The Miller, similarly to Alisoun, is described in reference to animals, his berd as any sowe or fox was reed. This use of animal imagery suggests a side to the Miller that may indicate cunning aspects to his character. The Miller appears to enjoy telling the tale of this poor cuckolded carpenter, and it would seem as though he aims to receive laughter from his telling of Johns misfortunes. .u93a85189e102cf46e7b90484fc61eef4 , .u93a85189e102cf46e7b90484fc61eef4 .postImageUrl , .u93a85189e102cf46e7b90484fc61eef4 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u93a85189e102cf46e7b90484fc61eef4 , .u93a85189e102cf46e7b90484fc61eef4:hover , .u93a85189e102cf46e7b90484fc61eef4:visited , .u93a85189e102cf46e7b90484fc61eef4:active { border:0!important; } .u93a85189e102cf46e7b90484fc61eef4 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u93a85189e102cf46e7b90484fc61eef4 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u93a85189e102cf46e7b90484fc61eef4:active , .u93a85189e102cf46e7b90484fc61eef4:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u93a85189e102cf46e7b90484fc61eef4 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u93a85189e102cf46e7b90484fc61eef4 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u93a85189e102cf46e7b90484fc61eef4 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u93a85189e102cf46e7b90484fc61eef4 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u93a85189e102cf46e7b90484fc61eef4:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u93a85189e102cf46e7b90484fc61eef4 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u93a85189e102cf46e7b90484fc61eef4 .u93a85189e102cf46e7b90484fc61eef4-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u93a85189e102cf46e7b90484fc61eef4:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The story, "Eveline" written by James Joyce EssayAnother member of the pilgrimage, or the Reve, is in addition a carpenter, who attempts to neutralise the Millers tale with stinte thy clappe. The Miller in return however shows no grace or remorse towards the Reve, simply stating I sey nat therefore that thou art oon, reiterating that he has no concern towards those around him or how his manners will affect them. The Miller also tells of how the carpenter is uneducated, confusing his prayers and calling Noahs flood, Nowels Flood. This way of portraying the carpenter could quite easily be taken as a sarcastic remark attempting to provoke the Reve. As his tale of trickery and deceit unfolds, it would appear that the Miller takes side of Nicholas in his tale, commenting on the carpenters fastansie and the fact that he is sely. He has little sympathy for the carpenter, indicating that he believes there is nothing wrong or corrupt with Nicholas pretence and cruelty to John, reiterating again, that the Millere is indefinitely a dishonest character himself, with few morals and no hesitation when it comes to laughing at the expense of others. It is obvious that the Miller tells a tale which coincides with his personality. It would appear that he attempts to contrast his tale with that of the Knights; creating Alisoun who is an obvious parody of the Knights fair Emilie, and mimicking the ways of a courtly lover. Despite the ranks of social importance, it is obvious from the twists that occur in his tale that the Miller, in the face of being a churl, has understandable intelligence of the social side of life.

Marcus James Essays (1574 words) - Let Go, Boi,

Marcus James Preface I chose a dramatic piece, it is a play follows a group of office workers who complain about their life at work while on a lunch hour, the boss comes in and then they try to explain to him their situations. The purpose of this piece is to explain to others some of the effects of using technology in the workplace. I chose this genre because I wanted to present the research in a re latable yet informative manner. I thought a play would real ly grasp the reader's attention, through the use of dialect. I was inspired to write this piece because of the nature of the genre and how easy it is to read and follow a play about any specific topic. This piece would most likely appeal to adults who are already working in the workplace, or it can also appeal to students in secondary school who are preparing to go out into the working world. Finally, a piece like this wo uld most likely be found in an online article or in an office circular. In this way it will reach the adult audience or anyone else who plans to work in an office environment in the future. Word Count: 199 words Reflective "Office Woes" Four workers are chatting in the lunch room over a lunch hour, they begin to discuss ing the problems they are having in the workplace and how they relate related to the technology they use every day. Enter Bill, Stan, Josh and Tom into the lunch room Stan: Aye Josh you finish dah project ? as yet boi . Josh : No boi, my back rel hurtin' meh, I cyah function for the rest of de day . Bill: Daiz cause every day so we hunching over de damn computers , and dem boi, dis sitting down staring at the computer dem whole day go be rel bad for us in the future . Tom: Bill what stupidness you talking ? ; I working with ah computer for nearly ten years now and I doh have no problems . Stan: Is true what he saying boi Tom, watch how you had to get glasses . , I was reading ah article about how watching de computer screen for so long does ruin your vision . Bill: A h next ting that could happen is we get rel stressed out boi, watch how Stan Josh sprout bout 50 grey hair in de last couple months boi . Josh: Yea boi I had pressure to teach myself how to use some new program on de computer and I was rel stressed out . Stan: Ah next ting is And all these email and ting coming in does be rel distracting, I was trying to finish ah project de oder day and I could hardly concentrate to finish de project boi . Josh: De emails does be coming a A ll kinda 11 o'clock in the night and ting to o inno das rel invasion of my personal time . Tom: My neck does be straini ng be too boi, dey say de chair we sitting in supposed to help dat but it not doing nuttin' . Bill: (laughing) Dem chairs as old as my nenen boi! Tom: We shouldn't even be sitting down all day , in dem chairs boi, the average human should be getting at least 30 minutes of physical activity a day Stan : Dis technology does be causing rel social problems too boi, if I want to talk to somebody all I hadda t o is send dem ah instant message . nobody talks anymore , is only instant messaging. Josh: (texting Bill on his cell phone) How y'all talking like issa fish market so? Bill: (after r eading the text) Boi Josh ah right here, why you texting me? Tom: An' yuh see how dey catch Jerry de other day boi, he was doing some hacking or something so on his computer trying to transfer all the business earnings to his bank account . Stan: Steups! Technology could make it rel easy to tief boi . Bill: I was even readin' read dis article about how