Dmanisi 1.8 Million Year Old Hominid Site

Dmanisi is the name of a very old archaeological site located in the Caucasus of the Republic of Georgia, about 85 kilometers (52 miles) southwest of the modern town of Tbilisi, beneath a medieval castle near the junction of the Masavera and Pinezaouri rivers. Dmanisi is best known for its Lower Paleolithic hominin remains, which demonstrate a surprising variability which has yet to be fully explained. Five hominid fossils, thousands of extinct animal bones and bone fragments, and over 1,000 stone tools have been found at Dmanisi to date, buried in about 4.5 meters (14 feet) of alluvium. The stratigraphy of the site indicates that the hominin and vertebrate remains, and the stone tools, were laid into the cave by geological rather than cultural causes. Dating Dmanisi The Pleistocene layers have been securely dated between 1.0-1.8 million years ago (mya); the types of animals discovered within the cave support the early part of that range. Two nearly complete hominid skulls were found, and they were originally typed as early Homo ergaster or Homo erectus. They appear to be most like African H. erectus, as those found in Koobi Fora and West Turkana, although some debate exists. In 2008, the lowest levels were redated to 1.8 mya, and upper levels to 1.07 mya. The stone artifacts, primarily made of basalt, volcanic tuff, and andesite, are suggestive of Oldowan chopping tool tradition, similar to tools found at Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania; and similar to those found at Ubeidiya, Israel. Dmanisi has implications for the original peopling of Europe and Asia by H. erectus: the sites location is support for our ancient human species leaving Africa along the so-called Levantine corridor. Homo Georgicus? In 2011, scholars led by excavator David Lordkipanidze debated (Agustà ­ and Lordkipanidze 2011) the assignment of the Dmanisi fossils to Homo erectus, H. habilis, or Homo ergaster. Based on the brain capacity of the skulls, between 600 and 650 cubic centimeters (ccm), Lordkipanidze and colleagues argued that a better designation might segregate Dmanisi into H. erectus ergaster georgicus. Further, the Dmanisi fossils are clearly of African origin, as their tools conform to Mode One in Africa, associated with Oldowan, at 2.6 mya, some 800,000 years older than Dmanisi. Lordkipanidze and colleagues argued that humans must have left Africa much earlier than the age of the Dmanisi site. Lordkipanidzes team (Ponzter et al. 2011) also report that given microwave textures on molars from Dmanisi, the dietary strategy included softer plant foods such as ripe fruits and possibly tougher foods. Complete Cranium: and New Theories In October of 2013, Lordkipanidze and colleagues reported on a newly discovered fifth and complete cranium including its mandible, along with some startling news. The range of variation among the five crania recovered from the single site of Dmanisi is astonishing. The variety matches the entire range of variation of all the Homo skulls in evidence existing in the world about 2 million years ago (including H. erectus, H. ergaster, H. rudolfensis, and H. habilis). Lordkipanidze and colleagues suggest that, rather than considering Dmanisi as a separate hominid from Homo erectus, we should keep the possibility open that there were only one species of Homo living at the time, and we should call it Homo erectus. It is possible, say the scholars, that H. erectus simply exhibited a much larger range of variation in skull shape and size than, say, modern humans do today. Globally, paleontologists agree with Lordkipanidze and his associates that there are striking differences among the five hominid skulls, particularly the size and shape of the mandibles. What they disagree on is why that variation exists. Those who support Lordkipanidzes theory that DManisi represents a single population with a high variability suggest that the variability results from a pronounced sexual dimorphism; some as yet unidentified pathology; or age-related changes—the hominids appear to range in age from adolescence to old age. Other scholars argue for the possible co-existence of two different hominids living at the site, possibly including the H. georgicus first suggested. Its a tricky business, retooling what we understand of evolution, and one that requires the recognition that we have very little evidence from this period so long ago in our past and that evidence needs to be reexamined and reconsidered from time to time. Archaeology History of Dmanisi Before it became a world-renowned hominid site, Dmanisi was known for its Bronze Age deposits and a medieval period city. Excavations within the medieval site in the 1980s led to the older discovery. In the 1980s, Abesalom Vekua and Nugsar Mgeladze excavated the Pleistocene site. After 1989, excavations at Dmanisi were led in collaboration with the Rà ¶misch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum in Mainz, Germany, and they continue to this day. A total area of 300 square meters has been excavated to date. Sources: Bermà ºdez de Castro JM, Martinà ³n-Torres M, Sier MJ, and Martà ­n-Francà ©s L. 2014. On the Variability of the Dmanisi Mandibles. PLOS ONE 9(2):e88212. Lordkipanidze D, Ponce de Leà ³n MS, Margvelashvili A, Rak Y, Rightmire GP, Vekua A, and Zollikofer CPE. 2013. A complete skull from Dmanisi, Georgia, and the evolutionary biology of early Homo. Science 342:326-331. Margvelashvili A, Zollikofer CPE, Lordkipanidze D, Peltomà ¤ki T, and Ponce de Leà ³n MS. 2013. Tooth wear and dentoalveolar remodeling are key factors of morphological variation in the Dmanisi mandibles. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 110(43):17278-17283. Pontzer H, Scott JR, Lordkipanidze D, and Ungar PS. 2011. Dental microwear texture analysis and diet in the Dmanisi hominins. Journal of Human Evolution 61(6):683-687. Rightmire GP, Ponce de Leà ³n MS, Lordkipanidze D, Margvelashvili A, and Zollikofer CPE. 2017. Skull 5 from Dmanisi: Descriptive anatomy, comparative studies, and evolutionary significance. Journal of Human Evolution 104:5:0-79. Schwartz JH, Tattersall I, and Chi Z. 2014. Comment on â€Å"A Complete Skull from Dmanisi, Georgia, and the Evolutionary Biology . Science 344(6182):360-360.Early of Homo†

Safety on College Campuses Essay examples - 520 Words

Safety is a tremendous issue on college campuses, and additional procedures need to be taken to prevent crimes from happening. When walking onto a college campus as a young adult, people get a rush of the unknown. The unknown could be going to college parties and late night study groups. College should be like any high school or elementary school and have better security measures to protect their students. The reasons we need these extra steps are to prevent violence, give students a sense of security, and monitor visitors on campus. First of all, violence can be prevented on campuses among the students once safety issues are put in place. There are several ways to prevent the violence including security cameras and metal detectors.†¦show more content†¦In another incident at Western Kentucky University, a young woman was raped, stabbed, and burned to death in her dorm. Everyone that entered the building was supposed to sign in and show identification in this case the one involved walked in without being questioned, he proceeded to her room where she was brutally murdered. When visitors are seen by security and made to sign in and show identification, it would help monitor the visitors in each building. Therefore, guards stationed outside of dorms at night would prevent unauthorized visitors in the building and the guards could personally identify who enters and leaves each building. Thirdly, visitors on a campus is not a bad thing, but they must be monitored for student safety. There have been othe r crimes on campuses like purse snatching in the middle of the day, car break-ins, and shoplifting at the school stores. In addition, the most up-to-date statistics show there were more than 35,000 reported crimes on U.S. college campuses in just one year. 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Explore the ways that the Miller Essay Example For Students

Explore the ways that the Miller Essay Explore the ways that the Millers character is reflected in The Millers Tale. A Churl in the light of a medieval definition, claims to be an individual in the lower echelons of society, who is prone to bad manners. From the outset, it becomes clear that the Miller has little or no manners, when he arrives at the Tabard Inn not wearing a hat, something that could be considered to be rude in medieval times. From there, it is decided that the pilgrims shall tell their tales according to social rank; however the Miller interrupts this system, at once allowing the reader to see that he is rude, loud and has no respect for those around him. It is known in advance from his description, that the Miller is a character who is most unlikely to be described as righteous, and that was moost of sinne and harlotries. Chaucers portrayal of this character, makes it appear as though he is ashamed to be in association with such a crass tale, however it becomes apparent that his irony handles this, it is through this advice that he uses excuses on behalf of the Miller and his tale, blameth nat me if that ye chese amis. Chaucer makes it apparent that the Miller is a character who favours drinking. At the start of the prologue, he is told as having had a drink and being unable to sit steadily upon his horse, The Millere, that for dronken was al pale, so that unnethe upon his hors he sat. He apologises in advance for any mispronunciations That I am dronke, I knowe it by my soun; and therefore if that I misspeke or seye, wite it the ale of Southwerk, I you preye. However, his tale was told somewhat fluently, and so the error of his drinking ways may have been added by Chaucer to reiterate the poems farcical nature. The Miller himself is reflected in his tale by attempting to explain how the carpenter in his story favours religion. It is with this perhaps that he tries to counteract and make up for his lewed drunken harlotrie. The carpenter has an obvious belief in religion, made apparent by his references to Saints and spirits. This is particularly evident when attempting to wake Nicholas from his trance, Jhesu Crist and Seinte Benedight, Blesse this hous from every wikked wight. It is here that the reader is able to see Johns limited knowledge of religion, when he mixes up his prayers where wentestow, Seinte Petre soster? making it seem that carpenters are ignorant. The Miller also laughs at the expense of all those who attempt courtly love, making Absolon seem ridiculous in his attempts to gain the hand of Alisoun, who is again not the stereotypical ideal of a medieval damsel, this in itself a dig at those women on pilgrimage who may not be of such an ideal of a woman. It was common in medieval times for Millers to be dishonest or crafty, claiming that they would take the best crops for themselves wel koude he stelen corn and tollen thries, and in this case charge three times as much for produce. This would imply that this Miller in particular was indeed sly and took more than he would be allowed. The Miller, similarly to Alisoun, is described in reference to animals, his berd as any sowe or fox was reed. This use of animal imagery suggests a side to the Miller that may indicate cunning aspects to his character. The Miller appears to enjoy telling the tale of this poor cuckolded carpenter, and it would seem as though he aims to receive laughter from his telling of Johns misfortunes. .u93a85189e102cf46e7b90484fc61eef4 , .u93a85189e102cf46e7b90484fc61eef4 .postImageUrl , .u93a85189e102cf46e7b90484fc61eef4 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u93a85189e102cf46e7b90484fc61eef4 , .u93a85189e102cf46e7b90484fc61eef4:hover , .u93a85189e102cf46e7b90484fc61eef4:visited , .u93a85189e102cf46e7b90484fc61eef4:active { border:0!important; } .u93a85189e102cf46e7b90484fc61eef4 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u93a85189e102cf46e7b90484fc61eef4 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u93a85189e102cf46e7b90484fc61eef4:active , .u93a85189e102cf46e7b90484fc61eef4:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u93a85189e102cf46e7b90484fc61eef4 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u93a85189e102cf46e7b90484fc61eef4 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u93a85189e102cf46e7b90484fc61eef4 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u93a85189e102cf46e7b90484fc61eef4 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u93a85189e102cf46e7b90484fc61eef4:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u93a85189e102cf46e7b90484fc61eef4 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u93a85189e102cf46e7b90484fc61eef4 .u93a85189e102cf46e7b90484fc61eef4-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u93a85189e102cf46e7b90484fc61eef4:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The story, "Eveline" written by James Joyce EssayAnother member of the pilgrimage, or the Reve, is in addition a carpenter, who attempts to neutralise the Millers tale with stinte thy clappe. The Miller in return however shows no grace or remorse towards the Reve, simply stating I sey nat therefore that thou art oon, reiterating that he has no concern towards those around him or how his manners will affect them. The Miller also tells of how the carpenter is uneducated, confusing his prayers and calling Noahs flood, Nowels Flood. This way of portraying the carpenter could quite easily be taken as a sarcastic remark attempting to provoke the Reve. As his tale of trickery and deceit unfolds, it would appear that the Miller takes side of Nicholas in his tale, commenting on the carpenters fastansie and the fact that he is sely. He has little sympathy for the carpenter, indicating that he believes there is nothing wrong or corrupt with Nicholas pretence and cruelty to John, reiterating again, that the Millere is indefinitely a dishonest character himself, with few morals and no hesitation when it comes to laughing at the expense of others. It is obvious that the Miller tells a tale which coincides with his personality. It would appear that he attempts to contrast his tale with that of the Knights; creating Alisoun who is an obvious parody of the Knights fair Emilie, and mimicking the ways of a courtly lover. Despite the ranks of social importance, it is obvious from the twists that occur in his tale that the Miller, in the face of being a churl, has understandable intelligence of the social side of life.

Marcus James Essays (1574 words) - Let Go, Boi,

Marcus James Preface I chose a dramatic piece, it is a play follows a group of office workers who complain about their life at work while on a lunch hour, the boss comes in and then they try to explain to him their situations. The purpose of this piece is to explain to others some of the effects of using technology in the workplace. I chose this genre because I wanted to present the research in a re latable yet informative manner. I thought a play would real ly grasp the reader's attention, through the use of dialect. I was inspired to write this piece because of the nature of the genre and how easy it is to read and follow a play about any specific topic. This piece would most likely appeal to adults who are already working in the workplace, or it can also appeal to students in secondary school who are preparing to go out into the working world. Finally, a piece like this wo uld most likely be found in an online article or in an office circular. In this way it will reach the adult audience or anyone else who plans to work in an office environment in the future. Word Count: 199 words Reflective "Office Woes" Four workers are chatting in the lunch room over a lunch hour, they begin to discuss ing the problems they are having in the workplace and how they relate related to the technology they use every day. Enter Bill, Stan, Josh and Tom into the lunch room Stan: Aye Josh you finish dah project ? as yet boi . Josh : No boi, my back rel hurtin' meh, I cyah function for the rest of de day . Bill: Daiz cause every day so we hunching over de damn computers , and dem boi, dis sitting down staring at the computer dem whole day go be rel bad for us in the future . Tom: Bill what stupidness you talking ? ; I working with ah computer for nearly ten years now and I doh have no problems . Stan: Is true what he saying boi Tom, watch how you had to get glasses . , I was reading ah article about how watching de computer screen for so long does ruin your vision . Bill: A h next ting that could happen is we get rel stressed out boi, watch how Stan Josh sprout bout 50 grey hair in de last couple months boi . Josh: Yea boi I had pressure to teach myself how to use some new program on de computer and I was rel stressed out . Stan: Ah next ting is And all these email and ting coming in does be rel distracting, I was trying to finish ah project de oder day and I could hardly concentrate to finish de project boi . Josh: De emails does be coming a A ll kinda 11 o'clock in the night and ting to o inno das rel invasion of my personal time . Tom: My neck does be straini ng be too boi, dey say de chair we sitting in supposed to help dat but it not doing nuttin' . Bill: (laughing) Dem chairs as old as my nenen boi! Tom: We shouldn't even be sitting down all day , in dem chairs boi, the average human should be getting at least 30 minutes of physical activity a day Stan : Dis technology does be causing rel social problems too boi, if I want to talk to somebody all I hadda t o is send dem ah instant message . nobody talks anymore , is only instant messaging. Josh: (texting Bill on his cell phone) How y'all talking like issa fish market so? Bill: (after r eading the text) Boi Josh ah right here, why you texting me? Tom: An' yuh see how dey catch Jerry de other day boi, he was doing some hacking or something so on his computer trying to transfer all the business earnings to his bank account . Stan: Steups! Technology could make it rel easy to tief boi . Bill: I was even readin' read dis article about how

10 Narrative Essay Topics on Nuclear Corrosion

10 Narrative Essay Topics on Nuclear Corrosion As the world advanced into the nuclear age, were nuclear energy became an alternative energy source to coal and petroleum products, the need to understand nuclear materials and their corrosion has become an important aspect of science. Understanding corrosion mechanisms, the systems and materials they affect became even more important for human and environmental safety after the Russian debacle in 1954 and the more recent Japanese Nuclear disaster in 2009. The constant use of nuclear materials has made it important for nuclear corrosion to be taught and discussed in educational institutions. Therefore, if you are tasked with writing a narrative essay on nuclear corrosion, then this article will provide you with enough resources in terms of important facts which you can use to discuss or narrate your perspective on nuclear corrosion. Also, to adequately discuss nuclear corrosion, the mining of nuclear materials and the system put in place to manage nuclear activities must also be covered. So here are 10 facts on nuclear corrosion: Corrosion in nuclear plants is a pertinent problem. The materials used in securing nuclear plants in other to ensure radiation is curtailed are always susceptible to corrosion and statistics show that the nuclear industry have lost approximately $10 billion due to nuclear corrosion. Therefore in other to keep nuclear plants safe and functioning in a stable environment, material corrosion must be dealt with. Corrosive resistant materials are used to secure nuclear plants. To manage nuclear corrosion, metallic alloys which are highly resistant to corrosion are usually employed in the different types of nuclear power plants. In pressurized water reactor power plants (PWR) and boiling water reactors, the main types of materials used to avoid corrosion are Inconels, Stainless Steel, Zirconium alloys and Copper alloys are great for building a secure environment. Nuclear metallic materials experience corrosion in time. Although some metallic materials are highly resistant to corrosion, this does not mean they are totally immune to it. These metallic materials tend to experience the following types of corrosion; stress control cracking, irradiation-assisted stress corrosion cracking, environmentally assisted cracking and microbiologically assisted cracking. Therefore, the state of metallic materials in Nuclear plants have to be accessed on a regular basis to note the possibility of corrosion occurring. The nuclear industry has developed techniques to combat corrosion. Due to a history filled with radiation management issues, stakeholders in the nuclear industries have come up with various techniques to eliminate the possibility of corrosion. The use of Titanium alloys in nuclear power plants has been successful in combating corrosion due to its very high resistance to the different types of corrosion. Also, facing the ageing issue facing nuclear power plants head-on with the quick replacement of ageing systems has helped stabilized the nuclear industry. US nuclear plants are the most secure from corrosion. Statistics show that in the United States, nuclear power is currently responsible for approximately 20 percent of the US electricity production capacity. There are also over approximately 100 power plants operating in the US. Regardless of the numbers, strict measure put in place regarding the construction on power plants and management of nuclear waste makes the US nuclear program the most stable and secure worldwide. Managing nuclear waste is a more important issue than nuclear corrosion. Advances in science have led to the discovery of corrosion resistant materials as well as a better understanding of the materials used in nuclear power plants. This knowledge has led to the increased stability of power plants worldwide. Today, while corrosion still remains an issue, solving the problem of disposing nuclear waste and managing disposal sites in order to keep the environment safe pose more problems than dealing with nuclear corrosion. Corrosion of nuclear materials has resulted in nuclear accidents. Corrosion of nuclear materials as well as human errors has resulted in some of the worst nuclear disasters worldwide. The notorious 1986 Chernobyl incident was in part due to the use of materials susceptible to corrosion in the nuclear plant’s reactor core. Other nuclear incidents which have led to environmental pollution have been due to corrosion of nuclear materials. Despite the problems associated with nuclear corrosion, nuclear power is still safe and secure. Statistics from case energy- an environmentalist organization- serves as proof that nuclear energy has the lowest impact on the environment and it is a safe and secure energy source. The statistics go on to show that nuclear energy provides approximately 64% of the carbon-free power supply across the US. Also the high regulative process of running a nuclear facility such as a 24hr use of inspectors makes nuclear power plants quite safe and secure from the ravages of nuclear corrosion. The building and management of nuclear power plants is economically beneficial. Nuclear power plants provide a level of economic growth most industries can only dream of. During the building phase, approximately 2,000 construction jobs are created through the construction phase. And after completion, the average nuclear energy facility employs 400 to 700 full time workers thereby providing jobs in its resident communities. Next-generation nuclear systems are being built to counter corrosion and human error. Over the last decade, nuclear material scientists and engineers have focused their energies in building next-generation systems which will be less reliant on fusion-type reactors. These next-gen systems will consist of high temperature reactors and a wide range of new materials developed to counter corrosion effectively and they will be the nuclear materials of tomorrow. Here we come to the end of today’s interesting facts on nuclear corrosion, its causes and effects on the environment as well as the economy. To further help students write excellent essays on nuclear corrosion, two complementary reading materials - 20 topics for a narrative essay on nuclear corrosion and how to write a narrative essay on corrosion- will be included in this series. These reading materials are written to serve as samples which will provide you with enough guidelines to write your own narrative essays on nuclear pollution. References: Kilian, R. Roth, A. (2002). Corrosion Behaviour of Reactor Coolant System Materials in Nuclear Power Plants. Materials and Corrosion, 53(10), pp.727-739. Inagaki, Y. Yonezawa, S. (1994). Corrosion Behavior of a Powdered Simulated Nuclear Waste Glass: A Corrosion Model including Diffusion Process. Journal of Nuclear Materials, 208(1-2), pp.27-34. Busby, J., Ilevbare, G. and Andresen, P. (2011). 15th International Conference on Environmental Degradation of Materials in Nuclear Power SystemsWater Reactors. Viswanathan, R., Jaffee, R. and Syrett, B. (1991). Corrosion Problems in Steam Turbines at Fossil and Nuclear Power Stations. Key Engineering Materials, 20-28, pp.2601-2616. King, F. (2009). Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion of Nuclear Waste Containers. Corrosion, 65(4), pp.233-251. Konys, J., Schroer, C. and Wedemeyer, O. (2009). Electrochemical Oxygen Sensors for Corrosion Control in Lead-Cooled Nuclear Reactors. CORROSION, 65(12), pp.798-808. Ramirez, J. (2012). ChemInform Abstract: Understanding Stress Corrosion Cracking of Welds in Nuclear Reactors. ChemInform, 43(35).

Definition and Examples of Duality of Patterning

Definition and Examples of Duality of Patterning Duality of patterning is a characteristic of human language whereby speech can be analyzed on two levels: As made up of meaningless elements;  i.e., a limited inventory of sounds or phonemesAs made up of meaningful elements; i.e., a virtually limitless inventory of words  or morphemes  (also called  double articulation) Definition [D]uality of patterning, says  David Ludden, is what gives language such expressive power. Spoken languages are composed of a limited set of meaningless speech sounds that are combined according to rules to form meaningful words (The Psychology of Language: An Integrated Approach, 2016). The significance of duality of patterning as one of the 13 (later 16) design features of language was noted by American linguist Charles F. Hockett in 1960. Examples and Observations Human language is organized at two levels or layers simultaneously. This property is called duality (or double articulation). In speech production, we have a physical level at which we can produce individual sounds, like n, b and i. As individual sounds, none of these discrete forms has any intrinsic meaning. In a particular combination such as bin, we have another level producing a meaning that is different from the meaning of the combination in nib. So, at one level, we have distinct sounds, and, at another level, we have distinct meanings. This duality of levels is, in fact, one of the most economical features of human language because, with a limited set of discrete sounds, we are capable of producing a very large number of sound combinations (e.g. words) which are distinct in meaning.(George Yule, The Study of Language, 3rd ed. Cambridge University Press, 2006) Duality of Language and Animal Communication The level of sounds and syllables is the province of phonology, while that of meaningful elements is the province of grammar and semantics. Has this kind of duality any analog in animal communication systems?... The short answer to [that] question seems to be no.(Andrew Carstairs-McCarthy, The Origins of Complex Language: An Inquiry Into the Evolutionary Beginnings of Sentences, Syllables, and Truth. Oxford University Press, 1999) It is hard to find clear and uncontroversial examples of duality of patterning outside our own species. But let us say that we can find them- and there is evidence, from the way some animals like birds and dolphins manipulate melodies, that this might be true. This would mean that duality of patterning is a necessary condition for a communication system to be a human language, but that by itself it may not be enough. There is no human language without duality of patterning.(Daniel L. Everett, Language: The Cultural Tool. Random House, 2012) Hockett on Duality of Patterning [Charles] Hockett developed the phrase duality of patterning to express the fact that discrete units of language at one level (such as the level of sounds) can be combined to create different kinds of units at a different level (such as words)... According to Hockett, duality of patterning was probably the last feature to emerge in human language, and it was critical in separating human language from other kinds of primate communication...The most difficult bit to figure out is how and when duality of patterning could have emerged. How did individuals manage to isolate various bits of calls so that they could be endlessly combined into arbitrary symbols? Hockett thought that if two calls each had two distinct parts, then perhaps something in the blending process might alert individuals to the existence of discrete units. If you can combine breakfast and lunch into brunch, then does that alert you to the possibility that br is a distinct unit of sound that is combinable with other dis tinct units of sound? Solving this puzzle remains one of the thorniest of the problems in determining how language became possible.(Harriet Ottenheimer, The Anthropology of Language: An Introduction to Linguistic Anthropology. Wadsworth, 2009) The Structures of Phonology and Syntax The question of whether the structures of phonology and syntax are separate and distinct is relevant to the notion of duality of patterning... The division between meaningful and meaningless elements is less sharp than it appears, and the fact that words are composed of phonemes is arguably just a special case of the pervasive hierarchical structure that is present in language...Of all Hocketts design features, duality of patterning is the most misrepresented and misunderstood; in particular, it is frequently conflated with or linked to productivity (Fitch 2010). Hockett seems to have regarded duality of patterning as the single most important breakthrough in the evolution of language (Hockett 1973: 414), yet he himself was unsure whether to ascribe duality of patterning to the dance of the honeybee (Hackett 1958: 574).(D.R. Ladd, An Integrated View of Phonetics, Phonology, and Prosody. Language, Music, and the Brain: A Mysterious Relationship, ed. by Michael A. Arbib. MIT Press, 201 3)

Module 5 - Case Managing Workplace Safety and Health Assignment

Module 5 - Case Managing Workplace Safety and Health - Assignment Example The law gives permission to CMS for variety of actions like it may charge fines to the nursing home, even assign a temporary manager. If the nursing home fails to correct its misgivings, CMS has right to terminate certification agreement and thereafter it ceases to be a provider as the nursing home. Providing care, safety to nursing home residents is an uphill task. The residents often require assistance in performing daily activities including bathe and walk. The injury prevention efforts should focus on resident lifting and handling methods. A working group is to be formed to study above safety hazards and action plan to be prepared in consultation with the experts. That action plan is to be implemented in accordance with the OSHA regulations. Full-fledged records are to be maintained for future corrective action and monitoring of the each major type of incidents. There are several elements to Safety and Health program, which will be formulated, developed, and monitored to see that they are strictly followed. Outcome from each of the accident prone area so obtained will be compared with the previous month’s incidents so that progress made on each count can be notified and next corrective action is initiated. It will be a continuous process and may last for several months until desired levels of safeguards, quantitatively and qualitatively, achieved. Following are the areas, which will be studied intensively and form a part of the safety and health program. United States Department of Labor has devised guidelines to reduce the manual lifting of the residents. Ergonomic study is required to be done with respect to lifting and handling the residents for their many daily activities to increase safety of the staff and residents. Repetitive, forceful and prolonged actions of the hands with lifting, pushing, pulling of heavy objects and awkward postures could cause normal to serious injuries in the long

Object Database Management System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Object Database Management System - Essay Example There are two most important factors that lead users to implement object database technology. Firstly, relational databases turn out to be cumbersome to use with composite data. Secondly, data is usually operated by application software written using object-oriented programming languages such as C++, Java, Delphi and C#, and the code required translating between this demonstration of the data and the tuples of a relational database can be dreary to write, and prolonged to execute. This variance between the models used to represent information in the application programs and the database is sometimes referred to as an impedance variance. Now a day Client-Server applications that depends on a database on the server as a data store while servicing requests from multiple clients are quite ordinary. The majority of these applications use a Relational Database Management System (RDBMS) because their data store while using an object oriented programming language for development. The "impedance mismatch" caused as a result of having to map objects to tables and vice versa has long been accepted as an essential performance penalty. Object-oriented databases are designed to work well with object-oriented programming languages such Java, C#, and C++. ODBMS used exactly the same model as object-oriented programming languages. Object database management systems added the notion of persistence to object programming languages. The early commercial products were integrated with various languages: GemStone (Smalltalk), Gbase (Lisp), and Vbase. (COP). COP was the C Object Processor, a proprietary language based on C that pre-dated C++. For much of the 1990s, C++ dominated the commercial object database management market. Vendors added Java in the late 1990s and more recently, C#. (Object database - Wikipedia, the free encyclopaedia) Theory We now introduce some basic concept of general system theory. This is essentially a way of understanding a system in terms of those components and characteristics that are common to all systems. We use the term system here in a very specific sense; although one that has much broader application than just computer systems. In everyday speech people may refer to the legal system, a tropical storm system, the system of parliamentary democracy, an eco-system, a system for winning at roulette, a computer system in someone's office, a system for shelving books in a library, a system-build house and many more. Some of these certainly meet our definition of a system and others do not. Probably the only thing that they all have in common is that they have some kind of organization. But in general systems theory, a system is rather more than just anything that shows a degree of organization. Characteristics of a system A system exists in an environment. A system is separated from its environment by some kind of boundary. Systems have inputs and outputs. They receive inputs from their environment and send outputs into their environment. Systems have interfaces. An interface allows communication between two systems. A system may have sub-system. A sub-system is also a system, and may have further sub- systems of its own. Systems that endure have a control mechanism. System control relies on feedback (and sometimes feed-forward). These comprise information about the system's operations or its

Clinical Journal One Essay Example for Free

Clinical Journal One Essay The nursing process is an assessment, diagnosis, plan, implementation and evaluation of our patients. As a practical nursing student this is something we are learning and improving on daily. Assessment is the most important part of the nursing process. This process is becoming clearer every day spent in the clinical setting. The assessment part of the process is done with every interaction of our patients we are taught in school. I thought how could that be assessing something takes a considerable amount of time so assessing every patient, every interaction sounded absurd to me. Currently my clinical setting is a post surgical unit. The nurses on this unit are registered nurses with varying amounts of experience. As I observe the nurses, I have noticed they actually do assess everyone, every time. I was amazed how easy this skill seemed to them of course experience helps in that area. I had the opportunity to participate an assessment of a month old child. During this experience I was able to understand the doorway assessment I learned about in growth and development and it made more sense to me . I was able to take a set of vitals on this baby, weighed a diaper for the IO and was shown how to assess the IV site on an infant. I realize how very important a quiet baby is during the assessment because of this experience. Assessing an infant is different than adults. Infants are a bit harder to assess if they are not calm. Upset babies respirations will increase. I learned how to feel for the fontanel and dehydration signs in infants. There is so many parts to assessment and each and every part is an important step in keeping your patient on the path to recovery. Post-op assessment require that you check patients pedal pulse, this is something I would not have thought to be important but I have since discovered that pedal pulse is a warning sign for post-op patients. The  smallest part of assessing a patient is just as important as the biggest parts. So a pedal pulse takes a minute or two to be sure it’s present and equal in both feet but the importance of doing this step in your assessment lasts forever because you deterred your patient a problem by doing a full head to toe assessment. Though, hands on assessments are most important, I have learned I do not always have to touch my patient to assess their condition. I can learn a lot from them just by listening to them and taking a good look at them. Patients also need more than a physical assessment. Physical head to toe is done at the beginning of your shift but you do and you can assess everyone with every interaction. There are many parts to assessment. The physical, of course, but as a nurse you must figure out the needs of each patient beyond the physical. They need emotional support as well. We must look at the whole picture when assessing. Do they need physical therapy? Home care? Support services? Are they going to need additional information on ways to be safe at home. Maybe the patients going to a rehabilitation facility after discharge so they may need to be assessed for which facility they would  gain the most from. We must assess if they require special equipment to improve on their independence. Assessing your patients doesn’t stop at taking a pulse or blood pressure.  So, assessment is very important and is easily done at every interaction once you see it done in the clinical setting. I still have so much to learn when doing a patient assessment but now I understand my role of assessing the patient as a licensed practical nurse and I understand the importance of every interaction assessment. Clinical Journal One Milford Regional Medical Center The nursing process is an assessment, diagnosis, plan, implementation and  evaluation of our patients. As a practical nursing student this is something we are learning and improving on daily. Assessment is the most important part of the nursing process. This process is becoming clearer every day spent in the clinical setting. The assessment part of the process is done with every interaction of our patients we are taught in school. I thought how could that be assessing something takes a considerable amount of time so assessing every patient, every interaction sounded absurd to me. Currently my clinical setting is a post surgical unit. The nurses on this unit are registered nurses with varying amounts of experience. As I observe the nurses, I have noticed they actually do assess everyone, every time. I was amazed how easy this skill seemed to them of course experience helps in that area. I had the opportunity to participate an assessment of a month old child. During this experience I was able to understand the doorway assessment I learned about in growth and development and it made more sense to me . I was able to take a set of vitals on this baby, weighed a diaper for the IO and was shown how to assess the IV site on an infant. I realize how very important a quiet baby is during the assessment because of this experience. Assessing an infant is different than adults.

Theodore Roethke and The Waking :: Waking Essays

Theodore Roethke and The Waking In describing the way he receives life's lessons and learned experiences, Theodore Roethke uses repetition of two different sentences and a simple rhyme scheme to help the reader understand his outlook on how to endure life. The two sentences repeated throughout the poem are "I wake to sleep, and take my waking slow" and "I learn by going where I have to go" [with slight variation in the latter]. "I wake to sleep, and take my waking slow" shows up in stanzas 1, 2, 4, and 6 and figuratively means that Roethke awakens in the morning and learns from the day's experiences. Unlike most people, Roethke does not rush through the day as if he expected another. He lives through the day in a calm and slow manner so that he learns about life without missing anything along the way. At night, he falls asleep content with the day's experiences and awakens the next morning in the same slow manner. When Roethke states "I learn by going where I have to go" in stanzas 1, 3, 5, and 6, he declares that he goes anywhere and everywhere to experience all that he can. He observes rare things throughout his journeys and makes mistakes along the way, but wherever he goes, he locks the experiences in his memory and repeats the cycle. The repetition of the sentences in the poem set a tone of determination and perseverance to enjoy all of life's experiences that come Roethke's way. The emotion portrayed by the sentences is an uplifting feeling because Roethke observes and enjoys even the most trivial aspects of life such as when "the lowly worm climbs up a winding stair." The rhyme scheme initiated by the author follows the rhyme scheme ABA in the first two stanzas, CDA in the third through fifth stanzas, and ABAA in the final stanza. This particular rhyme scheme creates a comfortable flow of overt rhyming. In the first two stanzas, the rhyming is the same (ABA) as Roethke talks about how to experience life by feeling. The rhyme scheme changes in the third through fifth stanzas as the focu s in the topic changes to how Roethke epitomizes his "experience by feeling" idea by sharing the specific examples of the worm and the ground. The last stanza returns to an ABAA rhyme scheme much like that of the first two stanzas.

Admission Seeking Interviews Essay

There are several reasons why a person would consider and actually go through with committing fraud. It could be due to a perceived pressure, for example financial problems, abuses like drugs or alcohol, pressure from superiors, or simply because the individual is a disgruntled employee who thinks the company â€Å"owes them†. Or the reason could be they want to increase their lifestyle like â€Å"keeping up with the Joneses†. Other pressures could come from superiors who coerce employees to go along with the fraud or lose their jobs. Fraudsters rationalize their misdeeds with thoughts like; they will replace the stolen asset in the near future before anyone notices, or maybe the boss is doing it so why can’t I? Higher level employees like the CEO may rationalize that stock prices will be higher if they manipulate the financial statements, after all who they are hurting? It all comes out in the wash, right? Creative accounting is all it takes and adjustments could be made in the future to remedy this year’s fraud. Individuals who do a fraudulent act typically have the opportunity to commit the fraud. It could be because of shoddy internal controls; even with good internal controls a determined person could find a way to override them. A CEO or manager may think they are high enough on the totem pole that no one would question their antics. Once a fraud has been discovered or reported the fraud examiner must do his/her homework. They must secure data and documents to determine if a fraud has actually happened. Once all the evidence has been gathered about the crime and the subjects background has been determined the fraud examiner sets up an appointment which could be a planned or spontaneous event. He/she would interview the interviewee using a variety of techniques and executing objectivity, fairness and professionalism at all times. The subject who thinks the interviewer is out to help them and does ot judge their misdeeds would be more forthcoming with information so it is important that the interviewer thanks the person periodically offers breaks and concessions lie coffee or a drink. Once it has been determined that the subject was involved through investigation and preliminary interviews the examiner would sympathize with the subject stating such things as â€Å"anyone would do that in your position†. It is important that they establish a rationalization and motive for the fraud. The fraud examiner could produce other witness’ statements to try to get the subject to reveal their motive. Once the motive or rationalization is uncovered it would be important to discover how the act took place. What opportunities did the subject have to commit the crime? Examples could be poor internal controls, management that was lax, or the fraudster was capable of outsmarting his superiors. There are many recommended methods to have a successful interview. Each case is unique and has to be handled in a different way, but the outcome is pretty much the same. The purpose to an admission seeking interview is to determine how it was done, opportunity, why it was done, rationalization, and finally what made the person do it, perceived pressure. In closing, people are complex and unique in their make-up; there is no mold or template that determines who will commit a fraud or why they may do it. Not all people that have pressures for example sole providers of a struggling family, or can rationalize a reason, or have the opportunity will commit a fraudulent act. Basically we all have to live our lives under a certain code of conduct. People who deviate from the honest worker lack morals in my opinion. It is up to the examiner to uncover the truth. The fraud triangle is a helpful tool that gives a standard of the typical fraudster. Classifying potential pressures, opportunities, or probable rationalizations and by using the techniques of a successful interviewer one should net the desired result in determining if the subject is indeed guilty or just being set up by the whistleblower for whatever reason.

Italian Revolution(1830-1848) Essay

The three revolutionaries Giuseppe Garibaldi, Giuseppe Mazzini, and Count Camillo Benso di Cavour are the primary names associated with the process by which the many governments of the Italian peninsula came together as a unified kingdom. They all were pivotal in this unification process. In the years between 1830 and 1848 many events occurred in the country of Italy. The primary problems in Italy were a mix of economic depression, social clash, and radical ideas. Secret societies were formed, and because of this, many people were thrown in prison. However, being jailed did not stop or even hinder the revolutions, as the Italians were determined to reach their independence from the Austrians. Giuseppe Mazzini was always surrounded by political dissent, and the resentment against the German-speaking foreigners in Vienna whose armies crushed Italian aspirations toward self-government. At the young age of 21, Mazzini began to combine opposition to all existing governments, desire for political freedom, and Italian nationalism into one, unified cause. At this time he also decided to wear only black clothing in order to express his mourning over the loss of Italian freedoms. The turning point of his life and eventually, one can argue, the turning point of Italy occurred in 1830 when Mazzini joined the conspiratorial society of the Carbonari. The Carbonari was a loosely organized group of liberal and radical revolutionaries. In this group Mazzini attended illegal meetings, distributed banned newspapers, acquired weapons, and took part in riotous antigovernment demonstrations. Mazzini’s passion for Italy was essentially the driving force of his life. He was arrested and spent six months in a local fortress. During this time in solitude, he received his life’s calling; to devote his existence to the emancipation of Italy. He derived his motto â€Å"God and the People†. This motto was well thought out for many reasons. He actually believed that God had intended on all humans to find individual freedom. Secondly, the way to control the masses is to include God. If people believe they are fulfilling God’s virtues they will do almost anything. Mazzini asserted, â€Å"once all peoples had achieved political liberties and combined into national communities, they would pursue humanitarian goals and live in peace with one  another† (Watkins 824). He stated that the reason the secret societies did not thrive was because they focused too much on the individual rights and freedoms. He called on all Italians to emphasize the sacred duty to make Italy a single nation under one government. His basic premise was that nationalism was cooperation among all peoples, not competition (Watkins 825). Soon after his release from prison, Mazzini erected his own secret society, called Young Italy, or Giovanni Italia. He had only one goal; the unification of Italy under one republican government with civil and political freedom for all. Mazzini primarily recruited from the young, middle class. Much like his own background. He wrote hundreds of volumes of writing initiating propaganda for his troops. He stockpiled weapons, and prepared to fight with guerilla warfare (Watkins 824). However, government officials discovered Mazzini’s activities and the exiled him. He lived in Britain where his popular opinion favored his cause. He did not return to Italy until 1848 where he helped to instantiate the revolution of 1848. Although he was defeated by foreign troops, his thoughts lived on. The societies of Young Hungary, Young Germany, and Young Europe were created because of him. Many people argue that every revolution was because of this man. In 1848, Italy was widely considered one of the most democratic and liberal nations in all of Europe. Nevertheless, it was â€Å"under the suzerainty of a number of reactionary rulers† (Kauffman 848). The Kingdom of the two Sicilies was under the despotic king, Ferdinand II. The Papal States were under control of the pope, and the rule of Tuscany, Lombardy, and Venetia was profoundly under the influence of Austria. The only kingdom that had its own independence was that of Piedmont, ruled by Charles Albert. The roots of the Italian revolutions reach back to the Congress of Vienna and the restoration of the reactionary rule by which Austria dominated the peninsula. Metternich, the minister of Austrian foreign affairs, was the man who enforced the settlements that were reached during the Congress of Vienna. The unfinished revolutions of 1820 and 1830 showed that the public was not satisfied with the â€Å"arbitrary rule, censorship of the press, and the  secret police† (Sperber 52). Because of these harsh policies, secret societies like the Cabonari were generated, becoming the leaders in the movement for change. This movement was called â€Å"risorgimento†. Because of the clashing of propaganda and nationalist literature, a revolution seemed inevitable. On January 12, a revolution took place in Palermo Sicily. Since Ferdinand II was on the brim of defeat he granted a constitution that was modeled after the French Constitution. However, the conflict eventually turned from the cause of political constitutionalism to the cause of Italian unity. On April 29, 1848, Pope Pius IX officially disassociated himself with the nationalist war. This infuriated the public, saying that the pope betrayed the Italian cause. The first round of fighting ended when an under trained army was maliciously defeated in Milan. However, the pope’s betrayal resulted in anticlericalism in Rome. Pius IX was forced to flee from Italy and live in the Bourbon kingdom to the South (Sperber 98). Political confusion ended in Rome when Mazzini established a republican democracy in Rome. However, on August 28 Austrian troops entrenched in the cities of Lombardy and Venetia. Shortly thereafter, monarchial rule was reinstated into Italy. It appeared that the revolution would be left to a later generation to accomplish. The politicization of the Italian peoples during 1848 contributed to their success in achieving national unity a generation later. The national idea for Italy was the one concept that survived the defeats and disappointments of 1848.

Jacob A. Lawrence essays

Jacob A. Lawrence essays 1. Born September 17, 1917 in Atlantic City, New Jersey, the oldest of three children living with a single mother. 2. His mother enrolled him in an after-school program run by painter Charles Alston, who had great influence on his artistic development. 1. He secured a two-year scholarship to the American Arts School in New 2. In 1943 Lawrence was drafted into the U. S. Coast Guard, where he was assigned to the first racially integrated ship in U. S. naval history, traveling to Italy, England, Egypt and India during his tour of duty. 1. In 1971, he accepted a tenured position at the University of Washington, serving as the head of the Art Department, and retiring as professor emeritus in 1986. 2. Died on June 9, 2000 at the age of 82 at his home in Seattle, Washington. 1. The Migrations of the Negro series (60 panels) shows the migration of over a million African Americans from the South to industrial cities in the North between 1910 and 1940. 2. The Harlem series (over 30 paintings) completed in 1943 has been lauded by critics as being even more successful than the Migrations panels. 3. Today, his works can be found in almost 200 museum collections. 1. National Medal of Arts received from Pres. George Bush in 1990. 2. First visual artist to receive the Springarn Medal, the NAACPs highest honor in 1970. 3. More than 18 honorary doctorate degrees from universities, including Harvard, Yale and Howard. 1. First African American artist to be represented by a major commercial gallery. 2. First African American artist to receive sustained mainstream recognition in the United States. ...

Celiac Disease - Smart Custom Writing Samples

Celiac Disease - Smart Custom Writing Internal Communication.An undeniable fact one may claim is that we are all involved in every day communication process. Whether it is a chat on the phone with a friend, daily newspaper reading, TV watching, socializing in a family circle or at school, college or at workplace – that is all a continuous information interchange thus being communication. The work for each individual is an indispensible part of life. That is the self-realization and make-a-living field. The organization of proper environment the staff is involved in goes beyond doubt. It results in coherent and collaborative team work and their effective performance. Therefore in any profit-making business sphere or public relations area we anyhow deal with management practice. So, let’s get an insight into the inner nature of a company’s arrangement. Any business structure inevitably encounters some sorts of ‘roughnesses’ that is the problems connected with underestimation and/or lack of motivation and information awareness of some staff members. Such ‘impurities’ may provoke disunity and discord in vision and perception of the company’s main priorities, future perspectives, strategies etc. that constitute its key conception. Not of the least are the issues of personnel’s obscure and misleading comprehension of his or her own role in the whole company’s success-building machine. To tune up this whole mechanism sophisticated managerial tools are applied. Hence, we touch the notion of internal communication (IC). It comprises the company’s functional leverage of monitoring, motivating, encouraging and coordinating the work of employees. It reflects the prowess of elaborate management policy. Thus, we need to clarify and elucidate some aspects concerned with the internal communic ation practice. ‘Internal’ designates the very gist of the process on question. It generally implies not only socializing among each other, but also has a wider sense representing the visible result of the correlated and interconnected efforts of each participant.   The relationships and attitudes among ‘senior’ and ‘junior’ members influence inner performance and matter a lot in shaping the image of a company outside. Here the IC is substantially helpful to reach the goals the governing body pursues. The work with personnel should not just envisage giving orders and expecting their dutiful fulfillment. This approach to dealing with staff is very delusive and lacks essentials – there must be a dialog between ‘boss’ and ‘subordinate’ in all levels of company’s operation. For the both sides to be mutually beneficial and their interests not to clash a special strategy is developed that contains certain aspects to be consid ered.   Ã¢â‚¬ËœTo listen to’ aspect can’t be ignored. It’s essential that Human Resources Management (HRM) take into account employees’ viewpoints, ideas, suggestions, since it gives the staff a feeling of their direct involvement in the process. Collection, procession and distribution of information among employees regarding the state of business and possible current problems is meaningful to create overall awareness and advances respect and loyalty to a company. In this connection we speak about interconnectivity that can be achieved by internal communication means.   Every day in any organization a great deal of issues is discussed and devolved through briefings, conferences, meetings, forums etc. where the staff participants are actually present. Hence they are engaged in face-to-face communication. Another way to represent and deliver information is either by printed regulations, newsletters and brochures or electronically – e.g. e-mail, voice-mail, messaging and corporate net system called intranet. It’s evident that nowadays world everyday witnesses the impetuous technological progress which helps to optimize and maximize people’s work. With the emergence of Internet humans saw the increasing role of electronic communication that was marked by convenience and relative velocity in information exchange. The benefits are obvious. So, firms, organizations, companies and enterprises viewed the perspective of application the analogy of global web being limited to the boundaries of internal company’s structure – intranet. Virtually it is a private network that serves the function of data storage and its distribution among all employees. The access to the system is available only to staff and restricted to non-authorized persons. The intranet constrains the external entry by means of firewall and thus provides safety of net content. Since intranet exploits the same technologies and tools which are applicable in internet for the web and e-mail service and also file transfer, no extra time and efforts are necessary for the staff members to adapt and utilize the corporate net capacity. Another advantage that counts is also the enhanced efficiency that staff show which is obtained by prompt and easy access to the database. Apparently, it proves to be useful when dealing with complex project work that necessitates the interchange of ideas with partners and seeking for the information relevant to the work performed. Therefore it might be facilitating to use links to collect data, then discuss it online with project participants and so share the viewpoints. Such an example among other positive sides of internal web resource demonstrates its time-saving expediency. In addition, the work of line managers is supported and to an extent simplified, since the work net is constantly updated and replenished. Thus, there is no need for an employee to persistently bother a line or senior manager with minor and insignificant issues. This kind of information is always at disposal in the intranet. Alongside with the virtues there come vices. The implementation of this sort of systems appears to be costly. Small businesses are unlikely to design and bring into action sophisticated intranets as compared to big corporations. Programming, design, constant upgrading inevitably requires investment. Unfortunately, another hindrance seems to be quite significant. We can’t but agree that however elaborate and well-programmed the network can be it is still exposed to insecurity (About.com. Wireless/Networking). Computer tampering may be regarded as a contemporary problem number one in electronic communication. Moreover, considering a modern arena of leadership and competition not always sound actions are undertaken. The competitors may resort to tricks in attempts to fish out the information they can get advantage of. On the grounds of the mentioned pros and cons we can arrive at conclusion that in future for the intranet as the internal communication tool to become more secure it’s essential to pay thorough attention to the company’s R D activities in search of more failsafe and reliable information guarding. Concerning the whole internal communication practice we should emphasize the importance of psychological aspect in recruiting personnel and scrutinizing their relevance to the position and the end-result of their work. A special team of professional psychologists and analysts is able to timely reveal and prevent the possible deviation of some individuals from the main policy. That will immensely contribute to foresee the leak of information and hidden intensions of intranet users in case they turn out to be not true members of the team but possible spies. Thereby, to avoid malfunction and make the whole mechanism work in accord the constituents matter a lot.

Mother and daughter relationship in mid 50's Research Paper

Mother and daughter relationship in mid 50's - Research Paper Example Michele Citron’s â€Å"Daughter Rite† and British movie â€Å"Bred and Born† are examples of such portrayals. In the 1900s, there was a lot of disillusionment concerning the institution of marriage and especially family life in America. People had long working hours and children worked in mines and workshops, leaving little or no time for a family life, good relationship between parent and child and working out of marriages. Stephanie Coontz argues that since women could not vote and they had low wages, many turned to prostitution, there was widespread abuse of children by parents as reported by childcare services, and men who divorced their wives gave them no child support. Compared to this, the 1950s were a glorious decade when these trends reversed. The divorce rate fell and the nuclear family emerged; there was a consensus on family morals, values and norms that helped individuals integrate more in their families. This phase was known as the â€Å"compassion ate† one in which women were supposed to be homemakers and loving mothers (Thomas, 2012). It is interesting to look at mother-daughter relationships in the US in this era because for the first time in 100 years, issues with family life and problems of parenting dissipated (Coontz, 1999). However, compared to the 1930s, representations of mothers and daughters changed drastically especially after the wartime years between 1950s and early 60s â€Å"from an idealized dream of the mother as sacrificial lamb to her daughter's social ascendancy to a much harsher nightmare of the mother as malevolent force on her daughter's struggling psyche† (Walters, pp. 69-70). Since the post-war, 1950s came after the Great Depression, and the World Wars, the stresses and turmoil took their toll on mother daughter relationships because there was immense strain on kinship and family networks for support. This period saw communication between the mothers and daughters to become informal and a general role reversal took place where daughters provided emotional care and comfort to their mothers (Forman-Brunell, pg. 197). Many mothers took on the tasks to groom their daughters and marry them off to a rich husband to achieve upward mobility and bring about a change in their economic conditions and so this maternal job was more deterministic than affectionate (Forman-Brunell, pg.197). A psychological phenomenon known as â€Å"mom-ism† soon emerged which caused mothers to be seen as overbearing and smothering and when in post-war 1950s, women were forced to return to â€Å"the cult of domesticity† daughters rebelled and developed hostility towards these suffocating mothers (Forman-Brunell, pg.197). This set the stage for mother daughter relationships to deteriorate further. In in 1950s, it was common for daughters and mothers to wear matching dresses and to dress alike, according to Patricia Beard. This phenomenon highlights the kind of relationship where the gi rls wanted to be more like their mothers and tried to be close to them, act like them etc. However, as they grew older they tried to dress unlike their mothers to establish their own personality and this led to them adopting new fashions. This either caused the mothers to be overprotective and forbid them to wear what â€Å"all the other kids† were wearing or incited a sort of competition in which they began to try looking like their young daughters. (Beard, n.p). Beard describes the â€Å"push and pull nature†

Destination Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Destination Analysis - Essay Example There are shopping areas like; MBK (Mahboonkrong) on Phayathai Road; Siam Paragon on Rama I. Road; Central World on Ratchadamri Road; the Platinum Mall on Petchaburi Road; and the Esplanade on Ratchadapisek Road. There are several other malls that cater to the busy streets of Bangkok, day-in and day-out, from early hours till late night. What makes the shopping experience such a hit with the foreigners specially is because of the economic condition of Thailand, as one United States dollar is equivalent to almost thirty Thailand Baht. This city is a key part of the Asian economic core, and most of the countrys banks and multi-national corporations are based here. Also the Stock Exchange of Thailand is located in this city. Tourism is also a major source of income. Bangkok is a world-famous travel destination. Millions of tourists travel to this city annually. Tourists are attracted mostly by the culture, large number of temples and a favorable exchange rate with the Thailand Baht. Bangkok has many elevated highways and newly built intersections to cater to the traffic jams, as private vehicle usage continues to surpass the development of infrastructure there. To avoid the traffic jams, one can opt for the â€Å"express way†, which connects most road networks in Bangkok to one another. This highway can also take the people to a few of the outskirts of Bangkok, like the Suvamabhumi International Airport. The Bangkok Mass Transit Authority (BMTA) provides regular bus service to Bangkok as well as five surrounding provinces of Northaburi, Samut Prakan, Pathum Thani, Nakhon Pathom, and Samut Sakhon (Ieda, 2010), continuously on some routes. The buses are in large number and very cheap too, with the minimum fare, of non-air-conditioned buses, reaching to around 7 Thailand Baht, to many metropolitan destinations within Bangkok. There are many taxis that roam around Bangkok. They are metered, with a fixed starting rate, and also charge waiting time

Assessing the feasibility of different techniques for providing fresh Essay

Assessing the feasibility of different techniques for providing fresh water to arid regions of the world - Essay Example The average water usage in the US is highest while Mozambique records the lowest water consumption per day. The goal has been the provision of secure and equitable access for all people and to ensure that water infrastructure and service delivery in standardized especially for the poor people (Conca, 2006, p, 164). These objectives are yet to be achieved because of population growth. Currently, provision of adequate water for the developing countries is a problem leading to the outbreak of water related diseases. The contaminants associated with water quality have diverse health effects as such it is not easy to make conclusive health based assessment of the situation. The problem may be severe like food poisoning or mild like dental fluorosis. (Gary, 1994, p. 39). The volume of water accessible by the population in the developing countries is significantly lower compared to that of developed country. In some cases, it is less than a third of the consumption of the developed countrie s. The volume of water consumed by Americans is 600 litres per day; Europeans consume 250 litres while Africans consume 30 litres. The volume of fresh water calculated from fresh water sources is approximated at 125 045km3. Despite the volume of fresh water, available supply of the fresh water to the population is not sufficient enough to meet their demand. Fresh water bodies Currently many of fresh water of lakes are facing degradation and volume reduction as a result of the global climate change. Many African nations cannot provide for the population safe water for domestic use. Piped water for the poor is still a dream, and at times, conflict arises as a result of water accessibility. In the sub-Saharan Africa, nomadic and pastoral communities fight over water sources leading to death and destruction of properties (De Villiers, 1999, p.105). The government of the country cannot supply the inhabitants with clean water, and infrastructure to those areas is poor. Flooding has two ef fects, which are, by the time of occurrence or duration. On health floods have two effects namely direct and indirect effects. Direct effects include changes in stream flow velocity which may carry boulders fallen trees resulting in drowning, injuries and contact with respiratory water borne diseases such as hypothermia and cardiac arrest(Galloway, 2009, p.179). Contact with polluted water will result in disease outbreak such as typhoid, cholera, and dysentery. In the Sub Saharan Africa, there are no fresh water bodies because the underground limning is salty leading to dissolving of the salt. The water source, therefore, cannot be used effectively without desalination Desalination Desalination is the most appropriate method of collecting fresh water in the arid areas, but has one main challenge namely the cost of the operation. Desalination can be used to change the water quality because; it involves the use of technology to obtain fresh water from the salt water offered by the und erground sources in the arid areas(Green, 2003 p. 34). Some of the best technology that could be used in the process includes the use of reverse osmosis and the use of other chemicals in extraction of the salts. Reverse osmosis uses membrane technology, which allows water molecules to sip through while blocking salt ions. There are other filters like he porcelain filters that can also be employed with ease. Some of

Laws of Concentration and Centralization: A Modern Review

Laws of Concentration and Centralization: A Modern Review Sourish Dutta Abstract Though the basic (late 1860s) Marxian model, under capitalist mode of production, assumes (more or less) perfectly competitive markets with a large number of small firms in each industry, Marx was cognizant of the growing size of firms, the consequent weakening of competition, and the growth of monopolistic power. Hence, capital has the inclination for concentration and centralization in the hands of richest capitalists. Actually, the concentration and centralization of capital are two capital accumulation techniques. Such concentration and centralization of capital can be clearly detected at this modern time—especially in the USA—in the massive occurrences of the mergers, acquisitions and conglomerates. In this assignment, henceforth, I will be trying to cultivate an analytical discussion about these two interlinked concepts and their implications and repercussions in this modern world of capitalism. Prologue The contemporary financial catastrophe of 2008 brings back the Marxian laws of concentration and centralization of capital in the modern form. They are often confused but must be clearly distinguished. Marx explained it most famously in chapter 25 of volume 1 of Capital. Though his dynamic intellectual exploration engrossed in the industrial capital, the same tendency holds with respect to financial capital in present scenario. With the increasing mass of wealth which functions as capital, accumulation increases the concentration of that wealth in the hands of individual capitalists, and thereby widens the basis of production on a large scale and of the specific methods of capitalist production†¦ It is concentration of capitals already formed, destruction of their individual independence, expropriation of capitalist by capitalist, transformation of many small into few large capitals. This process differs from the former in this, that it only presupposes a change in the distribution of capital already to hand, and functioning†¦ Capital grows in one place to a huge mass in a single hand, because it has in another place been lost by many. This is centralisation proper, as distinct from accumulation and concentration. In brief, by concentration we make out the upsurge of capital that is due to the capitalisation of the surplus value originated through accumulation of surplus value of labour. Indeed, increasing concentration of capital occurs as individual capitalists accumulate more and more capital, thereby increasing the absolute amount of capital under their control. The size of the firm or economic unit of production is increased correspondingly, and the degree of competition in the market tends to be diminished; under centralisation we understand the joining together of various individual capital units which thus form a new larger unit. Actually, more important reason for the reduction of competition is the centralization of capital. Centralization occurs through a redistribution of already existing capital in a manner that places its ownership and control in fewer and fewer hands. Marx maintained that larger firms would be able to achieve economies of scale and thus produce at lower average costs than would smaller firms. However, concentration and centralisation, influence one another. A great concentration of capital accelerates the absorption of small-scale enterprises by large-scale ones; conversely, centralisation aids the increase of individual capital units and so accelerates the process of concentration[1],[2]. Beside this, recent experience of financial crisis also conveys a new phenomenal dimension in the context of Marxian crisis in capitalist mode of production. This phenomenon gives rise to the doctrine of Too Big to Fail (TBTF)[3]. Rationale behind these laws The main logic behind these two laws of capitalism is the force of capital accumulation or the self-expansion of capital. Here we have to note two distinct concepts, namely, individual capital and social capital. Marx observes: The fact that the social capital is equal to the sum of the individual capitals (including the joint-stock capital or the state capital, so far as governments employ productive wage-labour in mines, railways etc., perform the function of industrial capitalists), and that the aggregate movement of social capital is equal to the algebraic sum of the movements of the individual capitals, does not in any way preclude the possibility that this movement as the movement of a single individual capital, may present other phenomena than the same movement does when considered from the point of view of a part of the aggregate movement of social capital, hence in its interconnection with the movements of its other parts. †¦Every individual capital forms, however, but an individualised fraction, a fraction endowed with individual life, as it were, of the aggregate social capital, just as every individual capitalist is but an individual element of the capitalist class. The movement of the soci al capital consists of the totality of the movements of its individualised fractional parts, the turnovers of the individual capitals. The self-expansion of individual capital is accomplished through the appropriation of surplus value by maximizing the rate of profit, while the movement of the social capital leads to the equalisation of rates of profit. Individual capital is a thing as well as a relation, and so is the social capital; moreover, the social capital denotes another dimension of social relation, namely, the relation between industrial, financial and commercial branches, and also between branches, sectors and departments of the productive system. Nevertheless, it is also to be noted that in a capitalist economy, state capital is an integral part of social capital. In juridical form, state capital is indeed different from private joint-stock capital, but its movements determine, and are determined by, the movements of social capital. Concentration The other name of self-expansion of individual capital is concentration of capital, according to Marx. It has nothing to do with the statistical concept of concentration ratio on the pattern of Gini, Lorenz or Atkinson. The concentration of capital in the Marxian sense is measured in absolute terms with reference to a single individual capital, without regard to the rest of the individual capitals; in other words, it is not a ratio of any two magnitudes. At one place Marx says that simple concentration of the means of production and of the command over labour is identical with accumulation, and at another he equates the rate of self-expansion of the total capital with the rate of profit. Every individual capital is a larger or smaller concentration of the means of production, with a corresponding command over a larger or smaller labour-army, says Marx. Every accumulation becomes the means of new accumulation. Clearly, by concentration Marx does not mean anything like the Gini coefficient or the Lorenz ratio. Now, accumulation is the prime mover of capitalism, and concentration increases with accumulation. Since the rate of profit is uniform throughout the economy, should every capitalist accumulate the entire profits (or equal pro- portion of profit) then each individual capital would grow at the same rate. In that event, there would be a continuous rise in the concentration of capital in the Marxian sense, but not so in the usual statistical sense. To put it differently, a constancy in the statistical concentration ratio does not imply a cessation of the Marxian concentration of capital. Movements of social capital tend to bring about equalisation of profit rate throughout the economy, but in fact profit rates do vary from one branch of production to another at any given period. Besides, as we know, one portion (of the surplus value) if employed as capital, is accumulated 13 and the portion of this plough-back may not be the same for every individual capita- list. A bigger capitalist accumulates a larger percentage of the surplus value appropriated by him. Hence, the rates of self- expansion of various individual capitals-that is to say, their rates of concentration-differ. If the bigger capital effects a higher rate of self-expansion, then the statistical concentration ratio would rise with the Marxian concentration of capital. With the rising concentration of capital a qualitative change takes place-the organic composition of capital goes up, and hence the rate of profit declines bringing in its trail a crisis which we shall take up for discussion below. [1] http://www.economictheories.org/2008/07/karl-marx-concentration-and.html [2]N.I. Bukharin: Imperialism and World Economy [3] According to some economists, when banks and finance corporations become too big, their failure has systemic implications, inflicting collateral damage on individuals who may have nothing directly to do with those banks or corporations. Governments then feel compelled to rescue these large entities in order to minimize the collateral damage, and the anticipation of such bailout promotes reckless behaviour.

Scandals :: essays research papers fc

Imagine a boardroom of these corporate executives, along with their lawyers, accountants, and investment bankers, plotting and planning to take over a public company. The date is set; an announcement is only weeks away. Once the meeting is over, several phone their brokers and instruct them to purchase tons of stock of the Target Company. When the buyout is announced, the share price zooms up and the investors drop these stock shares for millions of dollars in profits. Insider trading is perfectly legal. The officers and directors who owe a duty to stockholders have the same right to trade and purchase the security as the next person does. The primary difference between legal and illegal insider trading lies in the motive. What I plan to explain in this paper is investigating the illegal aspects of insider trading and the scandal of it. What is insider trading? According to Section 10(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, it is "any manipulative or deceptive device in connection with the purchase or sale of any security." This ruling served as a deterrent for the early part of this century before the stock market became such a vital part of our lives. But as the 1960"s arrived and illegal insider activity to be a lot, courts were chained by the vague definition. So members of the judicial system were now forced to interpret "on the fly" since Congress failed to resource them with a concrete definition. This resulted in two theories of insider trading liability that have evolved over the past three decades through judicial and administrative interpretation. The classic and the misappropriation theory, is the classic concept is the type of illegal activity one usually thinks of when the words "insider trading" are said. This theory started from the 1961 SEC administrative case o f Cady Roberts. This was the Sec’s first time to regulate these security trading’s by corporate insiders. The ruling basiacally brought about the way that we define insider trading - "trading of a firms stock or derivatives assets by its officers, directors and other key employees on the basis of information not available to the public." The Supreme Court officially recognized the classical theory in the 1980 case U.S. v. Chiarella. U.S. v. Chiarella was the first criminal case of insider trading. Vincent Chiarella was a printer who put together the coded packets used by companies preparing to launch a tender offer for other firms.

Playing Monopoly Essay

1. Identify the behaviors that you think are ethically questionable in the history of Microsoft. Evaluate the ethics of these behaviors. Pretend to embrace a technology and become the major source for that technology like buy out the competitors. Declare it obsolete because your original way is better. Wait long enough for a technique or idea to be forgotten by the majority of people or just long enough that the majority of your followers are naive newbies. Bring out the old idea and present it as a new invention. For example, many things in Visual Studio .Net are presented as new ideas even though they have existed in RAD tools like Delphi for over a decade. Why this works? because the majority of new software geeks have no idea what Delphi is and didn’t know that you could do everything exactly the way Microsoft claims you can in their â€Å"new† invention. It is very much clear about incidences that Microsoft has been unethical in its approaches. Rather that applying their own thoughts, most of the products they have released by copying ideas unethically from other competitor’s products. Rather than having the fair competition in the market Gates always tried to monopolize the market. Though all the monopoly has brought him profit but ethically Microsoft didn’t. 2. What characteristics of the market for operating systems do you think created the monopoly market that MIcrosoft’s operating system enjoyed? Evaluate the market in terms of utilitarianism, rights and justice (your analysis should make use of the textbook’s discussion of the effects of monopoly markets on the utility of participants in the market, on the moral rights of participants in the market, and on the distribution of the benefits and burdens among participants in the market), giving explicit examples from the operating sytems industry to illustrate your points. Some of the characteristics of the market that created monopoly market that Microsoft’s operating system enjoyed are as follows: Incorporation of various Microsoft applications like Windows Digital Media Player and  Internet Explorer in 1995 with its operating system gave an advantage to the company as this monopoly worked out for them. Users using Windows didn’t want themselves to get into trouble of purchasing a different browser and different Media Payer. Users were also not ready to pay extra money for buying other companies’ applications, as all those applications were readily available with Microsoft’s operating system. Every company was releasing their applications and operating systems in the market and every time Microsoft was able to know their programs. Using those programs Microsoft created monopoly in the market by releasing advanced version of competitors’ products. As when Navigator came in 1994, Microsoft launched Internet Explorer which was borrowed from Spyglass Inc. and made it similar to Navigator. It incorporated Internet Explorer with Windows. Media player was also incorporated in Windows. Sun Microsystems’s Java was also licensed to Microsoft first and then Microsoft built its own Microsoft java permitting Windows Users to be compatible with it.In the software industry users did not want to shift to new products or applications until proper training and workshops are organized. Microsoft’s used good strategies for training users. With the Installation disk, a proper tour of Windows is provided to facilitate user. 3. In your view, should the goverment have sued Microsoft for vilolation of the antitrust law? In your view, was judge Jackson’s order that Microsoft be broken into two comanies fair to Microsoft? Was judge Killar-Kotelly’s november 1, 2003 decision fair? Was the April 2004 decision of the Eruopean Comission fair to Microsoft? Explain your answers. USA Attorney General Janet Reno filed an antitrust suit against Microsoft in the court of Judge Thomas Jackson. Microsoft made the computer companies using Windows as their operating system not to license, distribute or promote competitive software products of other companies. It embedded Internet Explorer with Windows and thus demolished consumer freedom to go for any other Browser plus it also degraded windows performance. In the agreements with computer companies those using Windows, Microsoft wanted them to leave Internet Explorer as the default Web–Browser and didn’t allow installation of any other browser. The judge was having complete authority  to take hard actions against Microsoft’s unethical business strategies. As per the case study it is evident that Microsoft has used various unethical business strategies to make their business profitable. Microsoft copied the copyright of Apple’s OS/2 and developed its own operating system on the same line . Moreover they forced users to use its Internet Explorer and digital media player. They suppressed the platform independent functionality of Sun’s Java by releasing Microsoft’s Java and making it cross platform language. In my view, government should not have sued Microsoft. Consumers were well satisfied by Windows which was evident from the market share of its use. So signing of agreement involves approval of computer companies and Microsoft and if computer companies have signed that agreement that means they weren’t having any problems and neither consumers upon implementing the agreement. So Microsoft just used a marketing strategy over here. Judge Jackson’s order was fair for the competitors as well as for the software industry because Microsoft has really invoked the monopoly situation in the market. It was essential to have fair competition in the market. As an operating system and applications are totally two different aspects and Microsoft should no t club these two aspects. This order would have helped competitors and users to choose their favorite applications. From Microsoft’s point of view it was not the fair decision, as they never wish to separate their business into two domains. It was a marketing strategy adopted by Microsoft so that it can withstand with the competition. According to them it also facilitated consumers for not spending their money in buying other corresponding software and also playing a risk of installing and uninstalling. According to the settlement between Microsoft and DOJ, Microsoft was asked to share its application programming interface with other software rivals and to allow users to hide Internet Explorer icon from the screen. It was asked not to prevent other competitors programs to install on its operating system and not to retaliate against computer makers in releasing their products. This settlement was officially approved by Judge Kollar-Kotelly on November 1, 2003. The decision was really fair for the competitors as well as users. The decision has created free competitive market in the software industry. It allows users to use other available applications and allow them to hide icons which they do not want to use. From competitors point of view market became much more open to release more  products with advanced techn ologies. This move also helped people to think out of Microsoft’s box and helped to showcase their technical skills. As a result various new operating systems with better performance than Windows like Linux, Suse, Knoppix, and Solaris came in market. 4. Who, if anyone is harmed by the kind of market that Microsoft’s operating system has enjoyed? Explain your answer. What kind of public policies, if any, should we have to deal with industries like the operating system industry. Monopoly of Microsoft’s operating system has harmed everyone from users to computer producers. Due to unavailability of fair market the users were bound to use Microsoft’s operating system and applications. They were unable to hide icons of the Microsoft’s applications from their operating system. From producer’s point of view, they were not free to launch Windows compatible applications due to unavailability of Windows application programming interface in the market. The competition became minimal in the market due to monopoly enjoyed by Microsoft. Due to monopoly in the market one single company Microsoft was holding maximum market share. It hampered the technical advancement and innovation in the market as well. Some of the following public policies could be used to deal with monopoly Government should issue some standards for a given technol ogy/system/product which should be followed by everyone in the industry. Anti-monopoly law can be created to prevent monopoly to occur in the market. Some policies can be incorporated in the system to motivate and encourage newly launched companies to increase the innovation in the market. Some policies should be made to share information among the companies whose applications are inter dependant.